PAST CONTINOUS TENSES

PAST CONTINOUS TENSES

     The past continuous tense (also called the past progressive tense) is commonly used in English for actions which were going on (had not finished) at a particular time in the past. This page will explain the rules for forming the tense, and how it is used.

     This tense was formed using two components: the verb BE (in the past tense), and the -ING form of a verb. Here are the rules, using the example verb "sing":

Subject	BE	-ING Form
I	was	singing
You	were	singing
He	was	singing
She	was	singing
It	was	singing
We	were	singing
They	were	Singing

• SUBJECT + TO BE (was / were) + VERB-I + ING + OBJECT
  

Example:

(+) : He was ridding horse at nine o’clock yesterday.

 (-)  : He was not ridding horse at nine o’clock yesterday.

 (?) : Was he ridding horse at nine o’clock yesterday?

 (+) : They were fishing in this river last week.

 (-)  : They were not fishing in this river last week.

 (?) : Were they fishing in this river last week?

Notes:

Pakai to be WAS jika subject kalimatnya I, he, she, it atau kata benda tunggal

Pakai to be WERE jika subject kalimatnya you, they, we atau kata benda jamak

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

 Formula:

(+) S + have/has + V3

(-)  S + have/sas Not + V3

(?) Have/has + S + V3 + ?

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	have		seen	ET.
+	You	have		eaten	mine.
-	She	has	not	been	to Rome.
-	We	have	not	played	football.
?	Have	you		finished?
?	Have	they		done	it?

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.

I have	I’ve
You have	You’ve
He has She has It has John has The car has	He’s She’s It’s John’s The car’s
We have	We’ve
They have	They’ve

                                                                                                 

 

PROCEDURE TEXT

PROCEDURE TEXT

 

     Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

• The Purpose of Procedure Text:

Procedure text’s purpose is to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.

•   The generic structures of procedure text are :

1. Goal/aim ( or title)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3. Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Example Of Procedure Text:

How To Make Kite Flying

Materials :

Butcher cord
Scotch tape or glue
1 Sheet of strong paper
2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo
Markers, paint or crayons

After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite:
1. Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.
2. Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.
3. Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.
4. Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.
5. Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.
6. Decorate your kite with the markers!

RECOUNT TEXT

RECOUNT TEXT

 

      Recount text is to retell past event or something which happened in the past.

• Function of Recount Text:

     Recount text’s function is to tell about past events.

Parts (Generic Structure) of Recount Text:

1.      Orientation

Orientation tells the readers who was involved in the story, what happened, where the story took place and when it happened.

 

2.      A series of Events

A series of events tell the sequence of events. These events are described in a chronological order.

 

3.      Reorientation

Reorientation tells the summarizes the event.

• Characteristics of Recount Text:

·         Use simple past tense.

Formula:

+ Subject + Verb 2/Verb past + object/complement

- Subject + did not + Verb 1/Verb base + object/complement

•  Always started by past adverbial of time

Examples:

-Two weeks ago,

-Last week,

-Last holiday,

-etc.

Example of Recount Text:

Read the text!

MY LAST HOLIDAY WAS GREAT

            My last holiday was great. My family and I visited my grandparents. We traveled by car. It was along trip. We stayed at my grandparents’ house for four days. We did a lot of things together. We cooked and prepared our meals. After that we ate them.  We also worked in the garden, climbed the trees, and played some games. Everybody was happy. Oh, no. it was time to go home. We hugged Grandma and Grandpa, and we kissed them goodbye. I really enjoyed my holiday.

VOCABULARY : PART OF BODY

VOCABULARY : PART OF BODY
      Vocabulary is the set of words within a language that are familiar to that person. A vocabulary usually develops with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language.

SHAPES
     The shape (Old English: gesceap, created thing) of an object located in some space is a geometrical description of the part of that space occupied by the object, as determined by its external boundary – abstracting from location and orientation in space, size, and other properties such as colour, content, and material composition. ‘shape’ informally as ‘all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale^[2] and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.shapes can be described by basic geometry objects such as a set of two or more points, a line, a curve, a plane, a plane figure (e.g. square or circle), or a solid figure (e.g. cube or sphere). Most shapes occurring in the physical world are complex. Some, such as plant structures and coastlines, may be so arbitrary as to defy traditional mathematical description – in which case they may be analyzed by differential geometry, or as fractals.’

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

1. Definition of Simple Present Tenses

    Simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated action or unchanging situation, emotion, and wishes.The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It wxpresses general statements of fact and general truths. The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activities.

GENERAL PATTERN

1.  (+) S + V1 (s/es) + C

(-) S + do/does not + V1 + C

(?) do/does + S + V1 + C

2.  (+) S + is/am/are + K.sifat/ket/benda

(-) S + is/am/are not + K.sifat/ket/benda

              (?) is/am/are + S + K.sifat/ket/bend

     TIME REFERENCE

®   Every ®   Always ®   Often ®   Sometimes ®   Rarely

®   ever ®   never ®   occasionally ®   seldom ®   steadily

Examples:

  - I go to school everyday.

  - You drink a cup of coffe

  - I usually get up at 5 o’clock every morning

  - Does the sun rise in the east or in the west?

a). PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES

Formula: S + is/am/are + Verb ing

         - I am studying English now.

         - Dimas is going to Malang next month

b). PRESENT PERFECT TENSES

Formula:

-      S (I/you/we/they) + have + been + past participle

-      S (he/she/it) + has + been + past participle

1. My mother has bought me a new T-shirt.
2. I have worked as an engineer since 1985.

NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people. Or Narrative text have meaning (1) a spoken or written account of connected events a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration. 

To conclude, a Narrative text isi a text which contains a story either written or onwritten, and there is a series of interconnected  event.

  GENERIC STRUCTURE OF NARRATIVE TEX

• Orientation: It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.

• Complication: Where the problems in the story developed.

• Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved.

Sometimes, generic structure of narrative text can contain Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution, and Reorientation. “Evaluation” and “Reorientation” can be added or not. Evaluation contains assessment or evaluation of the course of the story or conflict. While Reorientation is the end of the story contains content inference.

   

GRAMMAR

Use the past tenses, well simple past, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, or past future continuous.

EXAMPLE:

1. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks

Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.

One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.

The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.

This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her. “Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.